|
Cardiologia Ambulatoriale - Outpatient Cardiology https://www.cardiologiaambulatoriale.eu/acute-ischemic-heart-disease/ Export date: Sun Sep 13 6:30:17 2026 / +0000 GMT |
Acute ischemic heart diseaseCardiopatia Ischemica Acuta Elisa Pontoni¹; Maria Grazia Delle Donne²; Angela Beatrice Scardovi³; Carmen Anna Maria Spaccarotella⁴ ¹ Department of Emergency, ASFO Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy ² U.O. Cardiologia 1 Dipartimento Cardio Toraco Vascolare Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy ³ UOC Cardiologia, Ospedale Santo Spirito, ASL Roma 1, Roma ⁴ Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy Abstract The paper provides a comprehensive overview of acute ischemic heart disease in women, highlighting sex and gender differences in epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, risk stratification, management, and prognosis. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality among women worldwide, with women experiencing higher morbidity and worse outcomes after acute myocardial infarction compared to men. Sex and gender differences affect awareness, symptom presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, often resulting in underestimation of risk and delayed access to optimized diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Women frequently present with multiple, atypical symptoms, such as epigastric discomfort, nausea, dyspnea, fatigue, and pain radiating to the back, neck, or jaw, making recognition and management more challenging. The use of sex-specific protocols for acute chest pain evaluation, including tailored thresholds for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, improves diagnostic accuracy and outcomes. The HEART score is validated for risk stratification in both sexes, but early discharge is more frequent for women than men. Non-obstructive coronary syndromes (INOCA) and pregnancy-related complications are more prevalent in women, requiring specific diagnostic and management strategies. Diagnostic tests, including ECG, echocardiography, stress testing, coronary CT angiography, and cardiac MRI, must be interpreted with consideration of sex-specific characteristics and contraindications, especially during pregnancy. Women are less likely to receive invasive procedures and guideline-recommended therapies and face higher risks of vascular complications during interventions. The paper underscores the importance of recognizing sex and gender differences in ACS to optimize diagnostic pathways, risk stratification, and management, ultimately improving outcomes for women. Key words: Women; Acute Ischemic Heart Disease; Acute Coronary Syndrome; Risk Stratification; Gender Differences; Diagnostic Protocols; Troponin. |
Links:
|
|
Post date: 2025-12-03 15:38:33 Post date GMT: 2025-12-03 15:38:33 Post modified date: 2026-07-28 13:19:20 Post modified date GMT: 2026-07-28 13:19:20 |
|
Export date: Sun Sep 13 6:30:17 2026 / +0000 GMT This page was exported from Cardiologia Ambulatoriale - Outpatient Cardiology [ https://www.cardiologiaambulatoriale.eu ] Export of Post and Page has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com |
